Quitting Smoking Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Quitting Smoking - Essay Example One of the major reasons for reverting back to smoking is that it has become a source of leisure time for me and an excuse to get outside the house for a breath of fresh air, a walk around the block or to the store. Still, the endeavors of quitting smoking have been a result of the realization of the financial, as well as the health problems related to it. The cost of a cigarette pack may seem trivial to an occasional smoker but the small amount of $7 tends to have a significant effect on the budget of a serious smoker who has greater consumption than an occasional one. Alongside the monetary effect of the addiction, smoking tends to increase one’s chances of getting cancer. It is usually witnessed that some instances prove to be life altering and compel the individual to adopt different paths. One such incident also took place in my life that made me realize that the harmful habit of smoking tends to effect the smoker, as well as the people around him. This notion was realized when I had to face the dilemma of having a 17 year old move into my mother’s house. His transition into my mother’s house not only meant that a teenager was being exposed to smoking all the time, it also brought up the situation in which he wanted me to sponsor his smoking. When this occurrence was revealed to my sister, she was very concerned about her son’s well being and disappointed in me for being an unconstructive influence on her son’s life. After suffering ethical issues and disappointment from my family, I finally took the decision of quitting smoking and trying to relieve myself from its addiction. Alongside making the decision of quitting smoking, I encouraged my nephew to quit too but my nephew turned a deaf ear to all of my reasoning of quitting smoking. My decision also proved to come in between my relationship with him since our common ground of communication had disappeared. Still, I stayed persistent and

Equity and Trusts Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 3

Equity and Trusts - Essay Example The constitution requirement is that the settler can declare himself the trustee of the settllor by transferring property to trustees. Notably, a trust must also be constituted, which is not achieved until the legal title to the property held under trust has been successfully transferred to trustees, which must follow the proper formalities. If a trust is not constituted, then the beneficiaries cannot claim anything because it is not enforceable. Therefore, Diana should assess whether the three sets of assets held on trust for her is enforceable. According to Turner LJ in Milroy v Lord, for a voluntary settlement to be effectual and valid, a settler is supposed to fulfil everything, which is needed in order to legally transfer the property and which must be in accordance to the nature of the property being settled. Therefore, the executor appointed by Sindy should note that for the entire asset left for her daughter and grandchildren to constitute a trust, Sindy must have transferred the trust property to the trustees and at the same complied with the specific formalities that are necessary for such assets to make a legal transfer, or else, since equity cannot perfect an imperfect gift, the trust will not be valid. Seemingly, Sindy has complied with specific formalities when transferring the assets to the trustees, but transfer of the assets to the respective trustees remains questionable because she died before fulfilling some of her intentions. Her attempts to ensure that the transfer is legal include attaching.

Analysing Differences Between Different Party Systems Politics Essay

Analysing Differences Between Different Party Systems Politics Essay Why are political parties important for a democratic society? What are the different political consequences of one party system, two-party system and multi-party system? In modern societies, political parties seem to be an indispensable part in almost every country. A political party is a group of people organized to seek influence in government policy and for the purpose of winning government power, by nominating their candidates in electoral and other means. In a democratic society, a political party is on the input side of a political system, that is, the demands and interests of the people are collected from political parties and analyzed by the government before any policy decision is made. E.E. Schattschneider (1942), a political scientist, did a comprehensive research over party politics, concluded that political parties created democracy, and modern democracy is unthinkable save except in terms of parties. To a certain extent, it is impossible to run a democratic government without the help of political parties as they have quite a lot of important functions to the government. The main function of political parties is to ensure a two-way communication system between the government and public. Public opinion has long been of vital importance to democratic governance. And political parties, under this circumstance, act as a bridge between government and public. Public opinions would be collected by political parties. Different viewpoints from the public would be delivered to the government after the integration of opinion and moderation of differences by political parties. As a result, different people can be brought together so that they can compromise and reach a consensus for policy making, which in turn create a more democratic and harmonious society. Another function of political parties is to bring aggregation of people of different interests. Apart from political parties, it is not uncommon to find interest groups in the society, which simply want to promote their groups interest and inform the public of it. However, chaotic and unstable government would be resulted if interest groups became the highest form of political organization. As interest groups would mainly focus on their needs and have conflicts with each other easily, it is difficult to set comprehensive goals or values in policy making. Political parties, in this situation, help pulling interest groups into a larger organization. In doing so, interest group conflicts can be calmed and settled by interest aggregation. Therefore, many large political parties nowadays, such as the Democratic Party in the United States and the Labour Party in Britain, are coalitions of different interest groups. Integration of different new groups into political system can also be done by political parties, especially for integrative parties, which attempt to mobilize, inspire and educate the public instead of only responding to public concerns. Political parties usually welcome new groups join in and provide them support by giving them educational opportunities, welfare benefits and so on. In doing so, members of the group may feel represented, thus develop a sense of belonging and loyalty to the political system. The U.K. Labour Party and German Social Democratic Party would be related examples. Labours in the above parties are integrated successfully into the political system and learnt to strive for their needs by democratic rules. On the contrary to countries where integration of working class into the political system was failed, radical movements might easily be resulted. After integration into political system, political socialization is essential for transferring knowledge of the political system and social concern to the people. Political parties provide political values and factual assumptions in politics. For instance, they teach their members to organize meetings, speak in public and influence government policies. Through these teachings and trainings, the public can form positive attitudes, values and beliefs which sustain the political system As a result, members can be politically conscious and get more involved in politics. Political parties can also be the training grounds for leaders through political socialization. As a result, citizens can be represented by the educated officials and democracy can be achieved by bringing public opinion in the government. Apart from the aforementioned, political parties act as a monitoring tool to the government. As party members can be part of the government after winning elections, they can oversee the government by participation. And they can bring peoples voice in and suggest alternate policies and choices to the government, then hold the government to be accountable and responsive. Once the government has done something wrong that would harm the citizens, political parties can immediately voice out the opposition. Under this situation, it would be relatively harder for the government to ignore public voices and thus achieve a more democratic society. From the above mentioned, political parties serve a number of vital functions to create a democratic society. Political Parties, as a communication channel, facilitate the interactions and understanding between the government and the citizens. Peoples demands can be effectively transmitted to the government. To achieve real democracy, other aspects, such as honest and well-informed press and a stable party system, are other important factors as well. Nevertheless, political parties are the most direct way to influence government policy-making. Without political parties, the government may be loosely organized and peoples opinions would hardly be reflected. Therefore, political parties are necessary for the advancement of democracy. Political parties operate within party systems, and the type of system will have profound effects on party behavior. Party systems are the interactions of different political parties. There are three types of party systems briefly, which are one-party system, two-party system and multi-party system. By definition, one-party system has only one party dominates the political system. According to Almond, one-party system can be divided into three types. The first type would be authoritarian party system. Under authoritarian party system, there is only one party controlling the interest aggregation and articulation. There is no other competition for political powers, and opposition is suppressed and disallowed. Another type is totalitarian party system. Under this system, only one party has the legitimate right to govern. No competition for political powers is allowed. Party uses indoctrination, highly emphasizes people interest and party interest should be equal. The system uses the official ideology to mobilize the mass so as to gain political support. For instance, China was under this party system and used mass campaign, such as the Cultural Revolution to mobilize people. In modern society, it is believed that North Korea is one of the remaining countries that is still under this totalitarian party system. The last type is dominate non-authoritarian party system. This system exists with only one strong party. Even though other parties are permitted to exist in the country, they are not strong enough to challenge or compete with the dominant political party for power. As a result, practically, there is only one party in power. Take the example of the Peoples Republic of China (PRC), a system called multi-party cooperation under the Chinese Communist Partys leadership has been developed. That is, there are at present eight so-called democratic parties in China apart from the Communist Party. However, these eight other political parties, such as China Democratic League, China Association for Promoting Democracy and Jiu San Society in the PRC are only under the leadership of the Communist Party. At the end, the only party that matters and gains the power is the Communist Party. No matter which type of the one-party system does the country follow, various political consequences might likely be resulted. Decision making under one-party system is efficient. As there is only one party in power, other viewpoints need not to be concerned much. Without public consultation and discussion process, swift changes or decisions are likely to be made. Take China as an example, the Communist Party holds all political power and has the exclusive right to legitimize and control all other political organizations. As a result, the Communist Party, alone, determines all the social, economic and political policies and goals for society efficiently without too much hesitation. Nonetheless, corruption would be possible as there is no checks and balances in the country. No out party is there to supervise in party. Even there are other parties in the state, they are too weak or ineffective to challenge the political power. And as there is only one party who gains the political power and controls the government, politicians would have a low risk to be prosecuted, punished, or to lose their seat. As a result, it may be relatively easier for them to take bribes. In the long run, corruption under one-party system can undermine public trust towards the whole political system and government and threaten the viability of democracy. Moreover, political apathy may be caused due to only one party in power. No matter how people express their point of views to the government, the political party may only focus on its narrow point of view, not accepting others. In some countries, such as China, would even have censorship to control peoples freedom of speech, preventing them from expressing opinions harm the partys governance. As time passes, people may feel themselves as incapable and powerless in politics, led to the cause of political apathy. Apart from the one-party system, two-party system is adopted by some countries nowadays as well. It is a competitive system with two major political parties dominating the system and competing for power. Other political parties are allowed to exist under the two-party system, but they are not strong enough to challenge the two large ad well-supported parties under most situations. Usually, the two dominant parties hold equal power, having an equal chance to win the general election depending on their previous performance. The United States of America is one of the countries adopting the two-party system, which the Republican and Democrats are the major two parties in the country. With two strong parties in the system act as opposition party, the governance may be relatively stable. There would be checks and balances between parties and the government. Unlike the situation in one-party system, the political ideas would be relatively diverse as the two parties do not incline to only one and narrow standpoint. And the two parties may ensure the government is responsive and responsible towards peoples need and concern. Although the opposition from the two parties ensures the government is responsive and responsible, several political drawbacks may be resulted. The political views from the two parties might vary a lot. Take the two-party system in the U.S. as an example, within each party, there are moderate republicans or democrats and extreme republican or democrats. For moderate republicans or democrats, sometimes they may express ideas based on their views but not following the party lines. For extreme republican or democrats, as they need to distinguish themselves from the other, their political views may become more and more extreme and two-sided, and lead to the rivalry of partisan politicsmay lead to rivalry of two parties like partisan parties may lead to rivalry of two parties like partisan parties. The great variance on political viewpoints within a party may cause confusion to the citizens. And if the views are too extreme or mostly only divided into two standpoints, it may be hard and t ime-consuming to have consensus between two parties on certain policy and peoples choice on policy making may possibly be limited. In addition, it may discourage independent or third-party candidates due to low winning chances in elections. For example, in the U.S., people have tried to set up others parties, such as the Green Party. Ralph Nader, a person who was not from the two major parties, was one of the president candidate in 2004 election. However, candidates like him simply have no chance of winning in the election, so it is hard for them to survive. Under this circumstance, in long term, new political ideas and opportunities of participation may be limited, as the major parties may be too stuck in their ways, affecting policy-making quality. The last type, the multi-party system, consists of two or more major political parties with equal strength, but none of which can win majority votes and the general election. A coalition government can be resulted, which composed of the two or three parties that win the largest number of votes or seats in the legislature. The existence of a multi-party system reflects efficient aggregation and expression of minority interest within the society. Parties concerning minorities may also get the chance in winning elections and thus the related viewpoints can be brought in various policy discussions. Under this system, a willingness to compromise and cooperate may be shown. However, this system is often criticized to be unstable. As there are many different political parties holding different political platform, values are extremely diverse, they may not be able to keep government in power for long. Germany Parliamentary election, with parties having extreme diverse values, in September 2005 showed as an example of unstable multi-party system. Besides, Italy and Israel, with multi-party system, has had years of diverse politics. And the coalition government under the system is inherently unstable, since when a party withdraws from the coalition due to internal conflicts, the government will no longer enjoy majority support from the legislature. Instability, to both the government and citizens, is non-beneficial. In long-run, citizens may lose confidence in governance. To conclude, each political system has its own political consequences, with merits or demerits. In modern democratic society, checks and balances are of certain importance in the government and any political system. Therefore, one-party system may not be preferable for a countrys governance. For two-party system and multi-party system, it is hard to conclude which is better, and there has been even a middle ground version of these two systems- two-plus party systems. But anyway, as long as parties can effectively use their power and represent public opinion, a stable and moderate party system can be established. And this, in long run, can make democracy possible.

Polymerase Chain Reaction :: essays research papers

PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) is the quick and easy method of making unlimited copies of any fragment of DNA. Since it’s first introduction ten years ago, PCR has very quickly become an essential tool for â€Å"improving human health and human life (TPCR)†. Medical research and clinical medicine are profiting from PCR mainly in two areas: detection of infectious disease organisms, and detection of variations and mutations in genes, especially human genes. Because PCR can amplify unimaginably tiny amounts of DNA, even that from just one cell, â€Å"physicians and researchers can examine a single sperm or track down the elusive source of a puzzling infection† (TPCR)†. These PCR- based analyses are proving to be just as reliable as previous methods-sometimes more so and often much faster and cheaper. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a technique used â€Å"to amplify the number of copies a specific region of DNA (Brown)†, in order to produce enough DNA to be adequately tested. This technique can be used to identify with a very high-probability, disease-causing viruses, bacteria, a deceased person, a criminal suspect, and also in the event of an outbreak, â€Å"Real-Time PCR can effectively monitor the success of clean-up efforts (RAL,Inc)†. In order to use PCR, one must already know the exact sequence of a gene or the sequence of interest that lie on both ends of the DNA. While similarity among genes of organisms exists, there will always be genes whose DNA sequences differ from each other. By identifying the genes that are different and unique, one can use this information to identify an organism. DNA is a double-stranded, â€Å"consisting of two such nucleotide chains that wind around each other in the famous shape known as the double helix (TPCR)†. DNA consist of Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, and Guanine components which can be arrange to generate a â€Å"sentence† of a gene sequence which can consists of either a few or thousands of letters long. To get this copying process started, a template molecule of the DNA or RNA you want to copy is required along with two primer molecules that make up the strands of all genetic materials. These primer molecules consists of about 20 letters long, which can be linked together in the order desired by a DNA-synthesizer â€Å"which add and link one letter at a time (Brown)† to generate the primers needed to start PCR. There are three major steps in PCR that must be met in order for the process to be successful.

Anne Frank †Short Essay Essay

The session that I attended at The Anne Frank Project on September 11, 2009 was Beyond the Diary: Behind the scenes of a Jewish Family in Hiding with Sophia Veffer. Even though I learned some things about the Holocaust during middle school, there still were things that I did not know. The reason why I attended this session is because I wanted to know how some of the Jews were able to survive the Holocaust and I also wanted to know what Sophia’s experience was like actually being a child during the Holocaust. This session connected to the overall theme of the conference because Sophia talked about what she and Anne Frank both had to go through and how some people in different countries still go through similar situations. Today there are still people who get treated differently because of what they look lie or where they come from. Sophia said that if Anne Frank were still alive she would probably try to make a difference by putting an end to these genocides. I was very glad that I got a chance to sit in Sophia’s session because I got to learn about the Holocaust from an actual survivor. She told us how her and her family had eleven different hiding places. I couldn’t even imagine what her childhood must have been like. She had to get rid of everything she owned even her identity. She also talked about how some Jews were not able to go in hiding and the reason was is they had to have money. The only families that went into hiding had money and they knew non Jewish people who would let them hide in their homes. One thing that really upset me is when Sophia said that the Germens pretended as if they did not know what was going on with the Jews. This really made me sad because how could you know that someone is doing wrong and not care to try to change it and make a difference? There are many different issues going on in the world today. One global issue that is of concern to me is homelessness. Every time I see a person out on the street I always think to myself their shoes can fit my feet. I do not mind helping others because after I do a good deed I always feel really good about myself and nothing can take that feeling away. This issue inspires me to try 2 make a small difference by giving them change or bringing them food. One day when me and my sister were driving up the street we saw sum homeless people and their sign said that they were hungry so we went to Mcdonalds and brought them sum burgers. Making a difference starts with a small deed then before you know it your changing the world.

Elie Change

Ms. GrimeseyLaftsis, Helena Ostrander9/6 English15. 11. 12 How do Elie`s life experiences during WWII change him physically, mentally and emotionally? In Elie Wiesel `s book Night the author shows how he himself changed during WWII. In camps such as Birkenau, Buna and Auschwitz people change. They lose faith, hope, families and their physicality. Every day, we go through situations that affect us in some way. The more difficult situation is, the more of an effect it has on us. A few days it`s enough to change the personality of a Human and to start acting like hungry animals.Elie`s experiences during WWII change him change him a lot physically, mentally and emotionally. In Hitler`s concentration camps the Jews were abused, starved and freezing. People who had power in the camps were the strongest. They could beat whoever and whenever they wanted to. Once Elie cross the path of Idek while he was nervous and he started hitting him so hard, â€Å"He threw himself on me like a wild beas t, beating me in the chest, on my head, throwing me to the ground and picking me up again, crushing me with ever more violent bows, until I was covered in blood† (Wiesel, 53).This quote shows us how unfair was life in those camps to the people that didn`t have power. The powerful ones were hitting the people so hard and they did not care about them. During the winter the Jews were freezing because they didn’t have such things as blankets, gloves and hats. While Elie was going to Buchenwald camp he said â€Å"We were nothing but frozen bodies† (Wiesel, 100). In this quote Elie Wiesel literally describes himself and his others fellows as nothing more but â€Å"frozen bodies†. They didn`t receive any food and ate only snow.During the night they were lying on top of each other just so they don`t freeze so fast. Another cause of a physical change is malnutrition. Their food was insufficient and all of the people lost a lot of weight. A few days after the libera tion of Buchenwald Elie finally saw himself in the mirror, â€Å"From the depths of the mirror, a corpse was contemplating me† (Wiesel, 115). Ellie describes his body as if he has the body of a dead person. He lost so much weight in the camp that he couldn`t even recognize himself.He last saw himself when he was still in the ghetto, now when he finally sees himself in the mirror he is shocked because of the change in his body. Elie has a physical change because life there was very hard. Unfortunately â€Å"physical change† wasn’t the only change that he experienced during the period when he was in the camps. Elie change emotionally soon after entering the camps. He becomes very close to his father in the camp, they are always helping and supporting each other during hard times. But during the years when he was in the camp he stopped caring about his family, friends and everything that he cared before.When they split his family he stayed with his father and only a few days was enough to change Elie`s personality, â€Å"My father had just been struck, in front of me, and I had not even blinked† (Wiesel, 39). This quotes shows us from its own words â€Å"I had not even blinked† how much has Elie change throughout the WWII. It also shows us how cruel and selfish he has become. He doesn’t even care for his father anymore. Another good example for an emotionally change is when Elie`s dad died, â€Å"I did not weep, and it pained me that I could not weep†¦at last† (Wiesel, 112). Even at his dad funeral he did not even cried.He tried to cry but he couldn`t. This shows us how much the camp changed him. The camp teaches them to live only for themselves and to not help anyone even their own fathers, â€Å"I knew he was running out of strength, close to death, and yet I had abandoned him (Wiesel, 10). This quote shows us that even though his dad was very sick and was close to death, Elie left him alone. Which mean tha t he doesn`t care for his dad anymore because if he cared he would do anything possible to help his dad. Elie changed from being a nice caring person to a heart-colded, selfish monster.In such camps people change a lot in their religious beliefs and learn that they only live for themselves. You shouldn`t help your fellows because in there your life is more important. In those camps there aren’t such things as brothers, sisters, fathers you should care only about yourself, â€Å"I gave him what was left of my soup. But my heart was heavy. † (Wiesel, 107). He gives his soup to his father but not willingly. He change a lot in the concentration camps. Elie also change his religious beliefs during this period when he was in the camps.At the beginning of the novel he was very religious but after the WWII he stopped believing in God,† Blessed be God`s name? Why, but why would I bless Him? † (Wiesel, 67). He doesn`t understand why he should bless God name if he per mits to the Germans to manipulate them like this. He lost hope and faith in him, â€Å"Never shall I forget those moments that murdered my God and my soul and turned my dreams to ashes. † (Wiesel, 34) This quote shows us with its own word â€Å"murdered† that for him God is dead. Because of the camps he lost faith in God and turned his dreams into ashes.In those camps people stop having faith in God and understand that they should live for themselves; they should not care about the others. Before the war Elie was considered as a deeply religious young boy Elie but everything change since he arrived in the camps. He lost faith in god. In those camps Ellie and his fellows were like slaves; they were only working and almost didn`t had nothing to eat. The SS policemen were beating them whenever they wanted to without having pity for them. Only a few days were enough to change Elie mentally, emotionally and physically.

Geology of the Tibetan Plateau

Geology of the Tibetan Plateau The Tibetan Plateau is an immense land, about 3,500 by 1,500 kilometers in size, averaging more than 5,000 meters in elevation. Its southern rim, the Himalaya-Karakoram complex, contains not just Mount Everest and all 13 other peaks higher than 8,000 meters, but hundreds of 7,000-meter peaks that are each higher than anywhere else on Earth. The Tibetan Plateau is not just the largest, highest area in the world today; it may be the largest and highest in all of geologic history. Thats because the set of events that formed it appears to be unique: a full-speed collision of two continental plates. Raising the Tibetan Plateau Nearly 100 million years ago, India separated from Africa as the supercontinent Gondwanaland broke up. From there the Indian plate moved north at speeds of around 150 millimeters per year- much faster than any plate is moving today. The Indian plate moved so quickly because it was being pulled from the north as the cold, dense oceanic crust making up that part of it was being subducted beneath the Asian plate. Once you start subducting this kind of crust, it wants to sink fast (see its present-day motion on this map). In Indias case, this slab pull was extra strong. Another reason may have been ridge push from the other edge of the plate, where the new, hot crust is created. New crust stands higher than old ocean crust, and the difference in elevation results in a downhill gradient. In Indias case, the mantle beneath Gondwanaland may have been especially hot and the ridge pushed stronger than usual too. About 55 million years ago, India began to plow directly into the Asian continent. Now when two continents meet, neither one can be subducted under the other. Continental rocks are too light. Instead, they pile up. The continental crust beneath the Tibetan Plateau is the thickest on Earth, some 70 kilometers on average and 100 kilometers in places. The Tibetan Plateau is a natural laboratory for studying how the crust behaves during the extremes of plate tectonics. For example, the Indian plate has pushed more than 2000 kilometers into Asia, and its still moving north at a good clip. What happens in this collision zone? Consequences of a Superthick Crust Because the crust of the Tibetan Plateau is twice its normal thickness, this mass of lightweight rock sits several kilometers higher than average through simple buoyancy and other mechanisms. Remember that the granitic rocks of the continents retain uranium and potassium, which are incompatible heat-producing radioactive elements that dont mix in the mantle beneath. Thus the thick crust of the Tibetan Plateau is unusually hot. This heat expands the rocks and helps the plateau float even higher. Another result is that the plateau is rather flat. The deeper crust appears to be so hot and soft that it flows easily, leaving the surface above its level. Theres evidence of a lot of outright melting inside the crust, which is unusual because high pressure tends to prevent rocks from melting. Action at the Edges, Education in the Middle On the Tibetan Plateaus north side, where the continental collision reaches farthest, the crust is being pushed aside to the east. This is why the large earthquakes there are strike-slip events, like those on Californias San Andreas fault, and not thrust quakes like those on the plateaus south side. That kind of deformation happens here at a uniquely large scale. The southern edge is a dramatic zone of underthrusting where a wedge of continental rock is being shoved more than 200 kilometers deep under the Himalaya. As the Indian plate is bent down, the Asian side is pushed up into the highest mountains on Earth. They continue to rise at about 3 millimeters per year. Gravity pushes the mountains down as the deeply subducted rocks push up, and the crust responds in different ways. Down in the middle layers, the crust spreads sideways along large faults, like wet fish in a pile, exposing deep-seated rocks. On top where the rocks are solid and brittle, landslides and erosion attack the heights. The Himalaya is so high and the monsoon rainfall upon it so great that erosion is a ferocious force. Some of the worlds largest rivers carry Himalayan sediment into the seas that flank India, building the worlds largest dirt piles in submarine fans. Uprisings from the Deep All this activity brings deep rocks to the surface unusually fast. Some have been buried deeper than 100 kilometers, yet surfaced fast enough to preserve rare metastable minerals like diamonds and coesite (high-pressure quartz). Bodies of granite formed tens of kilometers deep in the crust have been exposed after only two million years. The most extreme places in the Tibetan Plateau are its east and west ends- or syntaxes- where the mountain belts are bent almost double. The geometry of collision concentrates erosion there, in the form of the Indus River in the western syntaxis and the Yarlung Zangbo in the eastern syntaxis. These two mighty streams have removed nearly 20 kilometers of crust in the last three million years. The crust beneath responds to this unroofing by flowing upward and by melting. Thus  leading to the large mountain complexes rise in the Himalayan syntaxes- Nanga Parbat in the west and Namche Barwa in the east, which is rising 30 millimeters per year. A recent paper likened these two syntaxial upwellings to bulges in human blood vessels- tectonic aneurysms. These examples of feedback between erosion, uplift and continental collision may be the most wonderful marvel of the Tibetan Plateau.